A Few Nusach Questions (Birkos Hashachar to Shmone Esreh)

Magbiah Shfolim was Minhag Ashkenaz. The Beis Yosef says that it shouldn't be said because it is not mentioned in the Gemoro, and that it has the same meaning as Zokef Kefufim. It is interesting to note, that although this Brocho did not appear in the Gemoros used in Sepharad, it did appear in the Gemoros used in Ashkenaz.
The Brocho was stopped in most of Ashkenaz mostly by Polish influence. We see among the Polish poskim a debate about this Brocho, with the Bach and the Levush holding that it should be said, the Taz holding that it shouldn't, while the Mogen Avrohom holds that both options are acceptable.

The Pri Megodim is the most extreme in the opposition to this Brocho, and holds that one should be מוחה at anyone saying it.

Michael FRBSH

Rallis wrote: Why according to our nusach is the order of Birchous HaShachar "Malbish Ahrumim" - "Pokaych Ivrim" and "Asher Haycheen Mitzaday Gover" - "Sheoso Li Kol Tzorkee" reversed?

There were many different old Nuscho'os, and the nusach that was used in Frankfurt was Malbish before Poke'ach and Asher Heichin before Sheoso.

Rallis wrote: By the way, is it "Sheoso Li Kol Tzorkee" or "Sheoseeso Li Kol Tzorochoy"?

The old manuscripts are without the vowels (Nikud). The nusach used is Tzorkee.

Rallis wrote: Why is the Yehi Rotzoun after Brochous in the ancient nusach in the personal tense? Why and when was it changed to the more common plural tense?

A Sephardic sage, 400 years ago, learned Pshat in the Gemoro that talks about Tefillas Haderech and say that it should be said in the plural tense, that it applies also to Birkas Gomel Chasodim Tovim.
The Mogen Avrohom mentioned this opinion, and although he doesn't necessarily agree with it, the fact the Mogen Avrohom mentioned it made this opinion well known. After that the Siddurim changed to the plural tense. But R' Yeshaya Berlin and the Oruch Hashulchon were against the change. It is interesting to note that the Sephardim in the last generation changed back to the personal tense.

Rallis wrote: What is the connection between the end of the Shiroh and the posuk of Shema Yisroel?

Above is a very nice explanation posted by Daniel. Historically speaking, the Shema Yisroel was added by the French Jews, who made many additions to the Davening (of words like "Tovim" and of Psukim). Usually Gedolei Ashkenaz stood against their additions, but since in Pesukei dezimroh one can add Psukim there was no opposition to this addition and it came in.

Rallis wrote: Is the word properly pronounced Uv'makhalous or "Uv'mikhalous following Shouchayn Ad?

The old manuscripts are without the vowels (Nikud). The nusach used is Uv'makhalous.

Rallis wrote: Why is the order in the Brocho of Chounayn HaDoas, "Binoh, Dayoh, V'Haskayl" instead of "Dayoh, Binoh, V'Haskayl" like most siddurim?

Above is a very nice explanation posted by Daniel. The Reason in FFAM this nusach was used is since in most old Siddurim the nusach was Bino Dei'oh, (in the Roke'ach both Nuscho'os appear).

Rallis wrote: At the end of the brocho Mekabaytz Nidchay Amo Yisroel is there any authentic source in Minhag Ashkenaz to conclude, "mayarbah kanfous ho-oretz l'artzaynu"?
Why in the Brocho of Al HaTzadikim is the vov attached to the word "Ul'oulom lo nayvoush" instead of reading the phrase, "v'sim chelkaynu imohem l'oulom, v'lou nayvoush"?

In the old Siddurim, and the Sephardic Nuscho'os it is Ulelom Lo Nevosh.

Michael FRBSH

MPerlman wrote:

Rallis wrote: Why is the Yehi Rotzoun after Brochous in the ancient nusach in the personal tense? Why and when was it changed to the more common plural tense?

Because this is the way that it is brought in the Gemara (Brachos 60b).

The Gemoro in Brochos (דף ס עמוד א) mentions Tefillas Haderech in the personal tense. The Gemoro there (עמוד ב) also mentions the Yehi Rotzon after Borkos Hashachar in the personal tense.
On the other hand the Gemoro (דף כט עמוד ב) brings Tefillas Haderech in the personal tense, and then Abayei says one should Daven about himself with the Tzibbur, therefore he should say it in the Plural Tense. And the Tur and Shulchan Oruch bring this Psak (סימן ק"י סעיף ד).
A Sephardic sage, 400 years ago, learned Pshat in that Gemoro that it applies also to Birkas Gomel Chasodim Tovim.
See more above.

Michael